Tree and House Sparrows are easiest to separate by the head. This evidence-led guide explains juvenile Tree Sparrows and female and juvenile House Sparrows, while showing why size and habitat should remain supporting clues. It also covers the rare male Spanish Sparrow.

Calls provide the safest separation of Marsh Tit and Willow Tit, but a silent bird can sometimes be identified from the upper mandible and a combination of cheek, wing and habitat clues. This guide ranks the useful characters and the common traps.